Graphics
What do u mean by Graphics?
1 The word graphic is derived from the Greek word GRAPHY- TO SEE.
2 Graphics are visual presentations on some surface, such as a wall, canvas, computer screen, paper, or stone to brand, inform, illustrate, or entertain.
3 Examples are photographs, drawings, Line Art, graphs, diagrams, typography, numbers, symbols, geometric designs, maps, engineering drawings, or other images.
Elements of Graphics
1 1) Text:
2 2) Illustration:
3 3) Color:
What is Computer Graphics?
1 The term computer graphics includes almost everything on computers that is not text or sound
2 The term Computer graphics has more meaning:
1) the representation and manipulation of pictorial data by a computer
2) the various technologies used to create and manipulate such pictorial data
3) the images so produced, and
4) a sub-field of computer science which studies methods for digitally synthesizing and manipulating visual content
Types of Computer Graphics
1 2D Computer Graphics
1 3D Computer Graphics
1 Raster Graphics
1 Vector Graphics
2D Computer Graphics
1 Displayed representation of a scene or an object along two axes of reference: height and width (x and y).
2 2D graphics models may combine geometric models (also called vector graphics), digital images (also called raster graphics), text to be typeset (defined by content, font style and size, color, position, and orientation), mathematical functions and equations, and more. These components can be modified and manipulated by two-dimensional geometric transformations such as translation, rotation, scaling.
3D Computer Graphics
1 Displayed representation of a scene or an object that appears to have three axes of reference: height, width, and depth (x, y, and z).
2 Rendering The process of creating life-like images on a screen using mathematical models and formulas to add shading, color, and lamination to a 2D or 3D wireframe.
Bitmap images
1 Bitmap images--technically called raster images--use a grid of colors known as pixels to represent images. Each pixel is assigned a specific location and color value.
2 Bitmap images are the most common electronic medium for continuous-tone images, such as photographs or digital paintings, because they can represent subtle gradations of shades and color.
3 Bitmap images are resolution-dependent--that is, they contain a fixed number of pixels.
4 As a result, they can lose detail and appear jagged if they are scaled on-screen or if they are printed at a lower resolution than they were created for.
Vector graphics
1 Vector graphics are made up of lines and curves defined by mathematical objects called vectors.
2 Vectors describe an image according to its geometric characteristics.
1 Vector graphics are resolution-independent--that is, they can be scaled to any size and printed at any resolution without losing detail or clarity.
2 As a result, vector graphics are the best choice for representing bold graphics that must retain crisp lines when scaled to various sizes--for example, logos.
Animation
1 Animation is the creating a timed sequence or series of graphic images or frames together to give the appearance of continuous movement.
2 * Frames:-- frame is a single graphic image in a sequence of graphic images in other words A single complete graphic image that is displayed chronologically with other complete graphic images. A single frame makes up a static image, while a series of frames make up an animation.
3 Animation is the rapid display of a sequence of images of 2-D or 3-D artwork or model positions in order to create an illusion of movement
4 It is an optical illusion of motion due to the phenomenon of persistence of vision, and can be created and demonstrated in a number of ways.
History
1 The earliest form of animation is a 5,200 year old earthen bowl found in Iran in Shahr-i Sokhta has five images painted along the sides. When the bowl is spun, it shows a goat leaping up to a tree to take a pear. (known as spinning pottery)
2 Paleolithic cave paintings: where animals are depicted with multiple legs in superimposed positions, clearly attempting to convey the perception of motion.
3 The phenakistoscope: 1831, Belgian Joseph Plateau and the Austrian Simon von Stampfer. spinning disc
4 zoetrope :It consists of a cylinder with slits cut vertically in the sides
5 praxinoscope: France, 1877 by Charles-Émile Reynaud
6 Flip book, were early popular animation devices invented during the 1800s.
Animation developed with the advent of the Motion Picture Film
1 Eadweard J. Muybridge .
2 Governor of California Leland Stanford – 1872.
3 whether all four of a horse's hooves left the ground at the same time during a gallop
1 Georges Méliès was a creator of special-effect films : Stop motion Animation
2 J. Stuart Blackton first American filmmaker to use the techniques of stop-motion
3 Edison, The Enchanted Drawing (1900) and Humorous Phases of Funny Faces (1906)
4 Winsor McCay :Little Nemo (1911), Gertie the Dinosaur (1914) and The Sinking of the Lusitania (1918). Each frame was drawn on paper; which invariably required backgrounds and characters to be redrawn and animated
Different Techniques used
1 Traditional Animation
1 Full Animation
1 Limited Animation
1 Rotoscoping Animation
Traditional Animation
1 The traditional style is also called cel animation and the technique involves hand-drawn frames.
2 Traditional animation was the process used for most animated films of the 20th century.
3 The traditional cel animation process became obsolete by the beginning of the 21st century
4 The individual frames of a traditionally animated film are photographs of drawings, which are first drawn on paper.
5 To create the illusion of movement, each drawing differs slightly from the one before it.
6 The animators' drawings are traced or photocopied onto transparent acetate sheets called cels, which are filled in with paints in assigned colors or tones on the side opposite the line drawings.
7 The completed character cels are photographed one-by-one onto motion picture film against a painted background by a rostrum camera. The traditional cel animation process became obsolete by the beginning of the 21st century
8 Another French artist, Émile Cohl, began drawing cartoon strips and created a film in 1908 called Fantasmagorie.
9 The film largely consisted of a stick figure moving about and encountering all manner of morphing objects, such as a wine bottle that transforms into a flower.
10 The film was created by drawing each frame on paper and then shooting each frame onto negative film, the first animated film created using what came to be known as traditional (hand-drawn) animation.
11 Pinocchio (United States, 1940),
12 Animal Farm (United Kingdom, 1954),
13 Akira (Japan, 1988).
14 The Lion King (US, 1994)
15 Sen to Chihiro no Kamikakushi (Spirited Away) (Japan, 2001)
16 Les Triplettes de Belleville (2003).
Full animation
1 Full animation: high-quality traditionally animated films, which regularly use detailed drawings and plausible movement.
2 Example- Realistically designed works Walt Disney studio, "cartoony" styles Warner Bros. animation studio.
3 An American Tail (US, 1986), The Iron Giant (US, 1999)
Limited animation
1 Limited animation involves the use of less detailed and/or more stylized drawings and methods of movement.
2 Pioneered by the artists at the American studio United Productions of America
3 Gerald McBoing Boing (US, 1951), Yellow Submarine (UK, 1968), and much of the anime produced in Japan.
4 Its primary use, however, has been in producing cost-effective animated content for media such as television
5 (the work of Hanna-Barbera, Filmation, and other TV animation studios) and later the Internet (web cartoons).
Rotoscoping
1 Rotoscoping is a technique, patented by Max Fleischer in 1917, where animators trace live-action movement, frame by frame.
2 The source film can be directly copied from actors' outlines into animated drawings, as in The Lord of the Rings (US, 1978), as in Waking Life (US, 2001) and A Scanner Darkly (US, 2006).
Stop motion
1 Stop motion (or frame-by-frame) animation is an animation technique to make a physically manipulated object appear to move on its own.
2 The object is moved by small amounts between individually photographed frames, creating the illusion of movement when the series of frames are played as a continuous sequence.
Type of stop motion Animation
1 Clay animation
2 Cutout animation
Silhouette animation
1 Graphic animation
2 Model animation
– Go Motion
3 Object animation
4 Pixilation
5 Puppet animation
Clay animation
1 Each animated piece, either character or background, is "deformable"—made of a malleable substance, usually Plasticine clay.
2 The figures may have an armature or wire frame inside of them, similar to the related puppet animation (below), that can be manipulated in order to pose the figures.
3 The portmanteau term "Claymation" is a registered trademark in the United States, : Will Vinton - 1978
4 Each frame, or still picture, is recorded on film or digital media and then played back in rapid succession.
5 When played back at a frame rate greater than 10-12 frames per second, a fairly convincing illusion of continuous motion is achieved.
Cutout animation
1 It is a type of stop-motion animation produced by moving 2-dimensional pieces of material such as paper or cloth.
2 The world's earliest known animated feature films were cutout animations (made in Argentina by Quirino Cristiani); as is the world's earliest surviving animated feature.
3 Today, cutout-style animation is frequently produced using computers, with scanned images or vector graphics taking the place of physically cut materials
Silhouette animation
1 Silhouette animation is a monochrome variant of cutout animation in which the characters are only visible as black silhouettes.
2 The medium was invented through a combination of shadow play and silhouette cutting
3 The first known silhouette animation being British filmmaker Charles Armstrong's (1909)
Graphic animation
1 Graphic animation uses non-drawn flat visual graphic material (photographs, newspaper clippings, magazines, etc.) which are sometimes manipulated frame-by-frame to create movement.
2 At other times, the graphics remain stationary, while the stop-motion camera is moved to create on-screen action.
3 Graphic animation can be (and often is) combined with other forms of animation including direct manipulation animation and traditional cel animation.
Model animation
1 Model animation is a form of stop motion animation designed to merge with live action footage to create the illusion of a real-world fantasy sequence.
2 Model animation was pioneered by Willis O'Brien, and it was first used in
3 The Lost World (1925).
4 King Kong (1933)
5 The Son of Kong (1933)
6 Mighty Joe Young (1949)
7 The Black Scorpion (1957)
8 The Giant Behemoth (1958)
Go motion
1 Go motion is a variant of model animation which uses various techniques to create motion blur between frames of film, which is not present in traditional stop-motion
2 Go Motion Puppet Mover. External Rods attached to various points on puppet. Rods moved by stepper motors, which are programmed by computer.
3 This is done single frame at time.
4 Very complex and tedious.
1 Closer photo showing external rods attached to Wings. Entire body also attached to Huge Rig below the puppet (see 1st photo) that moved along a track, and controlled by stepper motors.
2 All this effort in order to obtain "Smoother" Stop Motion. A Stop Motion video frame grabber might have been an alternative, to allow animator to achieve very smooth animation.
3 Blurs only needed at points of very fast action/movement. Simulated blurs maybe could have been done via old school special effects technique, using petroleum jelly smeared on glass.
Object animation
1 Object animation is a form of stop motion animation that involves the animated movements of any non-drawn objects such as toys, blocks, dolls, etc.
2 Object animation is often combined with other forms of animation, usually for a more realistic effect (e.g, Model Animation or Puppet Animation to add more complex movement or depth to the characters).
Pixilation
1 Pixilation (from pixilated) is a stop motion technique where live actors are used as a frame-by-frame subject in an animated film, by repeatedly posing while one or more frame is taken and changing pose slightly before the next frame or frames.
2 The first work known to use the pixilation technique was Emile Courtet's 1911 film Jobard ne peut pas voir les femmes travailler (Jobard cannot see the women working).
Puppet animation
1 Puppet animation typically involves stop-motion puppet figures interacting with each other in a constructed environment, in contrast to the real-world interaction in model animation.
2 Le Roman de Renard (The Tale of the Fox) (France, 1937),
3 the films of Jiří Trnka,
4 The Nightmare Before Christmas (US, 1993),
5 the TV series Robot Chicken (US, 2005-present).
Puppetoon
1 Puppetoon animation is a type of replacement animation
2 In puppetoon animation the puppets are rigid; each is typically used in a single frame and then "replaced" with a separate, near-duplicate puppet for the next frame.
3 Thus puppetoon animation requires many separate figures. It is thus more analogous in a certain sense to cel animation than is traditional stop-motion: the characters are created from scratch for each frame (though in cel animation the creation process is simpler since the characters are drawn and painted, not sculpted).
4 The style and the term "Puppetoons" were invented by George Pal.
Animated GIF
1 A GIF graphic file, which consists of two or more images shown in a timed sequence to give the effect of motion.
2 GIF:---- Stands for Graphics Interchange Format. GIF images are the most widely used graphic format on the web. GIF images display up to 256 colors.
1 Flash: A vector-based rich media drawing and animation program from Macromedia.
2 Flash banners have more features than standard GIF Animation banners, including advanced animation, quicker downloads, and streaming functions. Flash files are represented by the .fla or .swf extension. (The .fla is the original editable Flash file, while the .swf is the web-ready version.)
3 Vector graphic: A graphic image drawn in shapes and lines, called paths. Images created in Illustrator and Freehand (graphic design software) are vector graphics. They can be exported to be bitmap images in GIF animation.
4 Keyframe: A frame in an animation that marks a key point of change or action.
